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Conclusions. Catheter problems are relatively common and more frequent than pump or surgical procedure complications after ITB pump implantation. Higher complication rates should be expected in centers that follow patients for a longer period of time. Standardized data collection and complication-reporting procedures along with appropriate training should be implemented in centers offering ITB treatment for management of muscle hypertonia. (Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair)

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We previously reported that soymorphins, µ-opioid agonist peptides derived from soy β-conglycinin β-subunit, have anxiolytic-like activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soymorphins on food intake and gut motility, along with their mechanism. We found that soymorphins decreases food intake after oral administration in fasted mice. Orally administered soymorphins suppressed small intestinal transit at lower dose than that of anorexigenic activity. Suppression of food intake and small intestinal transit after oral administration of soymorphins was inhibited by naloxone or naloxonazine, antagonists of µ- or µ1-opioid …

Conclusions  Critical care practitioners should be prepared to treat this potentially devastating and often refractory complication of
ITB therapy.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s12028-010-9422-6Authors
James C. Ross, Department of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph Health System, 1 Saint Joseph Dr, Lexington, KY 40504, USAAaron M. Cook, Pharmacy Services, UKHealthcare, 800 Rose St. H109a, Lexington, KY 40536, USAGary L. Stewart, Department of Anesthesiology, UKHealthcare, 800 Rose St. H109a, Lexington, KY 40536, USABrenda G. Fahy, Department of Anesthesiology, UKHealthcare, 800 Rose St. H109a, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
Journal Neurocritical CareOnline ISSN 1556-0961Print ISSN 1541-6933 (Source: Neurocritical Care)

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Authors: Miner P, Borkuhova Y, Shimonova L, Khaimov A, Bodnar RJ
Food intake is significantly increased following administration of GABA-B and GABA-A agonists into the nucleus accumbens (NAC) shell and ventral tegmental area (VTA) with receptor-selective antagonist pretreatment capable of blocking these responses within sites. Regional interactions in feeding studies have been evaluated by administering an antagonist in one site of interest prior to administration of the feeding-active agonist in a second site of interest, and have identified important relationships, particularly for opioid-opioid interactions. To evaluate whether …

Authors: Lehmann A, Jensen JM, Boeckxstaens GE
Defined pharmacologically by its insensitivity to the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline and sensitivity to the GABA analogue Baclofen, the G protein-linked gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) receptor couples to adenylyl cyclase, voltage-gated calcium channels, and inwardly-rectifying potassium channels. On the basis of a wealth of preclinical data in conjunction with early clinical observations that Baclofen improves symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), the GABA(B) receptor has been proposed as a therapeutic target for a number of diseases including GERD. Subsequently, there …

Authors: Tyacke RJ, Lingford-Hughes A, Reed LJ, Nutt DJ
The GABA(B) receptor plays an important role in the control of neurotransmitter release, and experiments using preclinical models have shown that modulation of this receptor can have profound effects on the reward process. This ability to affect the reward process has led to clinical investigations into the possibility that this could be a viable target in the treatment of addiction. Presented here is an overview of a number of studies testing this hypothesis in different drug dependencies. The …

Authors: Manev H, Dzitoyeva S
Drosophila melanogaster, the “fruit fly,” is being increasingly used as an experimental model in neurosciences, including neuropharmacology. The advantages of Drosophila over typical mammalian models in neuropharmacology include better access to genetic manipulation and the availability of almost unlimited numbers of experimental subjects at relatively low cost and with minimal regulatory restrictions. Nevertheless, one should remain cognizant of the substantial differences between insects and mammals. Insects, including Drosophila, utilize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter and express both ionotropic GABA receptors and …

J. Neurochem. (2010) 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06901.x Gamma-hydroxybutyrate is found both naturally in the brain and self-administered as a drug of abuse. It has been reported to act at endogenous [gamma]-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptors and GABA(B) receptors [GABA(B)R], and may also be metabolized to GABA. Here, the metabolic fingerprints of a range of concentrations of GHB were measured in brain cortical tissue slices and compared with those of ligands active at GHB and GABA-R using principal components analysis (PCA) to identify sites of GHB activity. Low concentrations of GHB (1.0 [mu]M) produced fingerprints similar …

Conclusions: Prolonged exposure of rats to high doses of morphine results in decrease of the over-all output of OR-stimulated G-protein activity in the forebrain cortex but does not decrease the amount of these regulatory proteins. These data support the view that the mechanism of the long-term adaptation to high doses of morphine is primarily based on desensitization of OR-response preferentially oriented to micro-OR and delta-OR. (Source: Medical Science Monitor)

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Authors: Bowery NG
This chapter forms an introduction to the subsequent chapters in this volume which highlight the significance and potential therapeutic application of GABA(B) receptors. It is now 30 years since the GABA(B) site was first described in mammalian tissue. Since then much has emerged about its physiological role in the mammalian nervous system and its relationship to other neurotransmitter receptors. It appears to function at pre- and postsynaptic locations as both an auto- and a hetero-receptor where its activation modulates the membrane conductance of Ca(2+) …